The Effects of Police Killings on African American Adolescents’ Internalized Behaviors
Abstract
AUTHOR NAME: Ashley Cunningham
AUTHOR EMAIL: anc0226@unt.edu
TITLE: The Effects of Police Killings on African American Children’s Internalized Behavior
ACADEMIC AFFILIATION: UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS
ABSTRACT
News and social media tycoons including YouTube and Facebook give the world access to social injustices on a day to day basis. A particular injustice that riddles the African American community is the unjust killing of men and women at the hands of police. Often times, these men and women leave behind children that require assistance in which is not offered. There has been minimal research on the effects of how this experience affects youth in a school environment. This review explores the effects on African American adolescents’ ages 13 through 17 internalized behavior after a parent is shot and killed by police.
5-8 KEYWORDS: African American, Adolescent, Internalized Behavior, Police Shooting, Parent Relationship
WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beckett, C. (2000). Family theory as a framework for assessment. Retrieved from http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~nur350-c/class/2_family/theory/lesson2-1-3.html
Brunson, R. K. (2007). “Police don't like black people”: African-American young men's accumulated police experiences. Criminology & Public Policy, 6(1), 71-101. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00423.x
Brunson, R. K., & Weitzer, R. (2008). Police relations with Black and White youths in different urban neighborhoods. Urban Affairs Review, 44(6), 858-885. doi:10.1177/1078087408326973
Dehlin, L., & Reg, L.M. (2009) ‘Adolescents’ experiences of a parent's serious illness and death’, Palliative and Supportive Care, 7(1), pp. 13–25. doi: 10.1017/S1478951509000042
Gilbert, K. L., & Ray, R. (2015). Why police kill black males with impunity: Applying public health critical race praxis (phcrp) to address the determinants of policing behaviors and “justifiable” homicides in the USA. Journal of Urban Health J Urban Health, 93(S1), 122-140. doi:10.1007/s11524-015-0005-x
Hair, E. C., Moore, K. A., Garrett, S. B., Ling, T. & Cleveland, K. (2008), The continued importance of quality parent–adolescent relationships during late adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18: 187–200. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00556.x
Koepke, S., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2012). Dynamics of identity development and separation–individuation in parent–child relationships during adolescence and emerging adulthood – A conceptual integration. Developmental Review, 32(1), 67-88. doi://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2012.01.001
Masterson, A. (2012). Retrospective reports of the lived school experience of adolescents after the death of a parent. The Journal of School Nursing, 29(5), 370-377. doi:10.1177/1059840512469408
Melhem, N. M., Walker, M., Moritz, G., & Brent, D. A. (2008). Antecedents and sequelae of sudden parental death in offspring and surviving caregivers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(5), 403-410.
Nguyen, Q. C., Villaveces, A., Marshall, S. W., Hussey, J. M., Halpern, C. T., & Poole, C. (2012). Adolescent expectations of early death predict adult risk behaviors. PLoS One, 7(8) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041905
Nordberg, A., Crawford, M. R., Praetorius, R. T., & Hatcher, S. S. (2015). Exploring minority youths’ police encounters: A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal Child Adolesc Soc Work J, 33(2), 137-149. doi:10.1007/s10560-015-0415-3
Peck, J. H. (2015). Minority perceptions of the police: A state-of-the-art review. Policing, 38(1), 173-203. Retrieved from https://libproxy.library.unt.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1660588273?accountid=7113
Ross, C. T. (2015). A multi-level bayesian analysis of racial bias in police shootings at the county-level in the United States, 2011-2014. PLoS One, 10(11) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141854
Rostila, M., & Saarela, J. M. (2011). Time does not heal all wounds: Mortality following the death of a parent. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(1), 236-249. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00801.x
Siebler, P. (2007). Sourcebook of family theory and research. Sage Publications.
Stanik, C. E., Riina, E. M., & McHale, S. M. (2013). Parent-Adolescent relationship qualities and adolescent adjustment in two-parent African American families. Family Relations, 62(4), 597-608. doi:10.1111/fare.12020
Stikkelbroek, Y., Bodden, D. H. M., Reitz, E., Vollebergh, W. A. M., & Baar, A. L. v. (2016). Mental health of adolescents before and after the death of a parent or sibling. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(1), 49-59. doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0695-3
Weitzer, R. (2015). American policing under fire: Misconduct and reform. Soc Society, 52(5), 475-480. doi:10.1007/s12115-015-9931-1
Wilcox, H. C., Kuramoto, S. J., Lichtenstein, P., Långström, N., Brent, D. A., & Runeson, B. (2010). Psychiatric morbidity, violent crime, and suicide among children and adolescents exposed to parental death. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(5), 514-523. doi:10.1097/00004583-201005000-00012
The Effects of Police Killings on African American Adolescents’ Internalized Behaviors
Conference Room E
AUTHOR NAME: Ashley Cunningham
AUTHOR EMAIL: anc0226@unt.edu
TITLE: The Effects of Police Killings on African American Children’s Internalized Behavior
ACADEMIC AFFILIATION: UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS
ABSTRACT
News and social media tycoons including YouTube and Facebook give the world access to social injustices on a day to day basis. A particular injustice that riddles the African American community is the unjust killing of men and women at the hands of police. Often times, these men and women leave behind children that require assistance in which is not offered. There has been minimal research on the effects of how this experience affects youth in a school environment. This review explores the effects on African American adolescents’ ages 13 through 17 internalized behavior after a parent is shot and killed by police.
5-8 KEYWORDS: African American, Adolescent, Internalized Behavior, Police Shooting, Parent Relationship
WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Beckett, C. (2000). Family theory as a framework for assessment. Retrieved from http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~nur350-c/class/2_family/theory/lesson2-1-3.html
Brunson, R. K. (2007). “Police don't like black people”: African-American young men's accumulated police experiences. Criminology & Public Policy, 6(1), 71-101. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00423.x
Brunson, R. K., & Weitzer, R. (2008). Police relations with Black and White youths in different urban neighborhoods. Urban Affairs Review, 44(6), 858-885. doi:10.1177/1078087408326973
Dehlin, L., & Reg, L.M. (2009) ‘Adolescents’ experiences of a parent's serious illness and death’, Palliative and Supportive Care, 7(1), pp. 13–25. doi: 10.1017/S1478951509000042
Gilbert, K. L., & Ray, R. (2015). Why police kill black males with impunity: Applying public health critical race praxis (phcrp) to address the determinants of policing behaviors and “justifiable” homicides in the USA. Journal of Urban Health J Urban Health, 93(S1), 122-140. doi:10.1007/s11524-015-0005-x
Hair, E. C., Moore, K. A., Garrett, S. B., Ling, T. & Cleveland, K. (2008), The continued importance of quality parent–adolescent relationships during late adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18: 187–200. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00556.x
Koepke, S., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2012). Dynamics of identity development and separation–individuation in parent–child relationships during adolescence and emerging adulthood – A conceptual integration. Developmental Review, 32(1), 67-88. doi://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2012.01.001
Masterson, A. (2012). Retrospective reports of the lived school experience of adolescents after the death of a parent. The Journal of School Nursing, 29(5), 370-377. doi:10.1177/1059840512469408
Melhem, N. M., Walker, M., Moritz, G., & Brent, D. A. (2008). Antecedents and sequelae of sudden parental death in offspring and surviving caregivers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(5), 403-410.
Nguyen, Q. C., Villaveces, A., Marshall, S. W., Hussey, J. M., Halpern, C. T., & Poole, C. (2012). Adolescent expectations of early death predict adult risk behaviors. PLoS One, 7(8) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041905
Nordberg, A., Crawford, M. R., Praetorius, R. T., & Hatcher, S. S. (2015). Exploring minority youths’ police encounters: A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal Child Adolesc Soc Work J, 33(2), 137-149. doi:10.1007/s10560-015-0415-3
Peck, J. H. (2015). Minority perceptions of the police: A state-of-the-art review. Policing, 38(1), 173-203. Retrieved from https://libproxy.library.unt.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1660588273?accountid=7113
Ross, C. T. (2015). A multi-level bayesian analysis of racial bias in police shootings at the county-level in the United States, 2011-2014. PLoS One, 10(11) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141854
Rostila, M., & Saarela, J. M. (2011). Time does not heal all wounds: Mortality following the death of a parent. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(1), 236-249. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00801.x
Siebler, P. (2007). Sourcebook of family theory and research. Sage Publications.
Stanik, C. E., Riina, E. M., & McHale, S. M. (2013). Parent-Adolescent relationship qualities and adolescent adjustment in two-parent African American families. Family Relations, 62(4), 597-608. doi:10.1111/fare.12020
Stikkelbroek, Y., Bodden, D. H. M., Reitz, E., Vollebergh, W. A. M., & Baar, A. L. v. (2016). Mental health of adolescents before and after the death of a parent or sibling. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(1), 49-59. doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0695-3
Weitzer, R. (2015). American policing under fire: Misconduct and reform. Soc Society, 52(5), 475-480. doi:10.1007/s12115-015-9931-1
Wilcox, H. C., Kuramoto, S. J., Lichtenstein, P., Långström, N., Brent, D. A., & Runeson, B. (2010). Psychiatric morbidity, violent crime, and suicide among children and adolescents exposed to parental death. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(5), 514-523. doi:10.1097/00004583-201005000-00012